Chapter 10今日のメモ☆
Microbiology (微生物学)につづくImmunology(免疫学)の項。Vol.1は基礎の部分。
微生物学同様に内容が濃く、さらにたくさんのterminologyがでてくる項目なのでなかなか進まず。やっと練習問題まで行き着いた時には前の内容を忘れているという。。
復習が必要な内容です。
Immunogens, Tolerogens, Antigens, Haptens, Antibodies
- Definition of Antigen
1. 体内でantibodyやsensitized lympocyteを誘導する(immunogens(免疫原性))
2. antibodyやsensitized lympocyteと反応する(反応原性、抗原性)
※ Immunogen(免疫原(性):有害) & Tolerogens(寛容原(性):無害)
- Haptens
上記の2の性質はもつが1の性質を持たない低分子物質;不完全抗原(penicillin等のdrugもhaptenとして働く)
- major roles of Antibodies
*act as antigen receptor for B cells
*aid in the elimination of antigen
*neutralization of toxins
※polyclonal antibody(ポリクロナール抗体):動物に抗原を投与して得られる抗体の総称
- humoral immunity(体液性免疫) & cellular immunity(細胞性免疫)
*Humoral immunity : antibodyによるもの(B細胞が形質細胞に分化して産生したantibodyも含む)
*Cellular immunity : T cell等によるもの
※Primary immune response(免疫学的記憶):同一の抗原が再度侵入した場合、初回よりも強い免疫応答起こすこと。Primary immune response(一次免疫応答)では主としてIgMが現れ、IgGは遅れて現れる(ピークは7~11日後)が、Memory immune responce(記憶免疫応答・二次応答)ではIgGも速やかに産生される(2~3日)。
Cells of the immune system
- Lymphoid lineage cells
antigen specific
*B lymphocytes(B cells): in bone marrow
vergin B cell-[devide to]- Memory B cells & Plasma cells(形質細胞)
※ membrane antibodies - virgin B cell : IgM, IgD, - memory B cell: Ig A, Ig G
*T lymphocytes(T cells): in thymus gland(胸腺)
CD4 = helper TH cell , CD8 = cytotoxic TC cell(CTL cell) , CD4CD25 = regulatory TR cell
※ secreting Cytokines(IL-1~15, IFN-α~γ etc)
non-antigen specific
*Natural killer (NK) cells
similar to TC cell. destroy tumors without a specific T/B cell antigen receptor.
- Antigen Presenting Cell (APCs) (抗原提示細胞)
present epitopes bound to their surface MHC class II molecules to TH cells and secret cytokines. MHC class I molecules to TC cells.
*Macrophages:phagocytic
*Dendritic cells(樹状細胞)
- Granurocyte(顆粒球)
*neutrophils(好中球):IgG(Fc) receptor - phagocytic
*basophils(好塩基球):IgE(Fc) receptor - histamine, serotonin [Tyle I allergy]
*eosinophils(好酸球):[Tyle I allergy]
*Mast cells(肥満細胞):IgE(Fc) receptor - histamine [Type I allergy]
Immunoglobulins(免疫グロブリン)
- Structure: four polypeptide chains (two identical light [L] polypeptide chains & two identical heavy [H] polypeptide chains.
*Fab: H+L chains の部分、 N-terminal variable region(N末端,可変部)、抗原のエピトープと結合
*Fc: H chains のみの部分、 C-terminal constant region(C末端)、isotypeの違いにより5クラスに分類
=IgG: 全体の70%, Long half-life(25~35 days), placental transmission, opsonization
=IgM: 20%, t1/2 9~11days, most potent primary immune responses, activator of the complement system, pentamer(五量体)
=IgA: 10%, t1/2 5 days, gastrointenstinal & respiratory & lachrymal(涙腺)& mammary(乳房)& genitourinary(泌尿器系), protect from colonization for infant, dimer(二量体)
=IgD: <1%, no known function
=IgE: <1%, type I allergy (bind to basophil & mast cell), longest t1/2 with complex
Complement(補体)
group of approximately 20 serum proteins(血清タンパク質)
- activation pathway & functions
*classis activation pathway(immune complex): C1→C4→C2→C3→C5...C9, bind to IgM or IgG
*alternative activation pathway(cell walls of certain microorganisms): C3→C5...C9
*C5b6789: osmotic lysis(浸透圧溶解), called as membrane attack complex(MAC)(膜侵襲複合体)
*C5a, C5b67: chemotaxis(走化・遊走作用)
*C3a, C5a: proinflammatory fragments(炎症惹起), release of histamine and mediators from mast cells & basophils, called as anaphylatoxin
*C3b, C4b: opsonization(オプソニン化)
Today's question
- Immunoglobulin(免疫グロブリン)の問題
Q: Which class of antibody has the longest serum half-life and opsonizes antigens for phagocytosis through two different pathways?
(A) IgG
(B) IgM
(C) IgA
(D) IgE
A: (A)IgG
IgG has a serum half-life of 25-35 days, longer than that of any other class, although must cell-bound IgE has the longest half-life. In general, immune complexes containing IgG are opsonized for phagocytosis through binding to the IgG receptors on neutrophils and macrophages and additionally through the activation of complement. IgM also opsonizes, but only through the activation of complement.
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