2012年11月28日水曜日

本からの学び vol.3  ~幸福な家庭を作る7つの原則~

『人を動かす』 "How to win friends and influence people"  著:Dale Carnegie 訳:山田博

人にものを頼むのが苦手、人のマネジメントは得意でない自分にとって、この本のタイトルである『人を動かす』は興味を引かれるものがあった。
(Thanks for loaning this book, Mr. K.F)

この本では、
 ・人を動かす原則
 ・人に好かれる原則
 ・人を説得する原則
 ・人を変える原則

を、具体例を挙げながら、心理学的な面からのアプローチもありながら話が展開していく。

自分が今までこれらの原則を知らなかったことで、どれだけ失敗してきたことか
気持ちのままに行動してしまい、物事を自分の思う方向に動かしていると思いながらも、実はまったく良い方向に動かせていなかったことを改めて反省させられる点が多かった。

でも、これからはやり方を変えてみよう。感情的になったときは一呼吸おいて、何が大切かを考える時間をもとうと思えた。そんな本の紹介をしたい。

最初に紹介したいのは、上記の原則がすべて語られた最後に記載されていたもの。
『幸福な家庭を作る原則』である。

海外では離婚率が50%と、2組に1つは一度結んだ約束を果たせずに終わってしまうケースがあるという現実。結婚生活は続けたくないが、離婚できずにいるカップルを数えれば、その割合がどこまで高まるのかは想像ができないほどである。その現実をカナダに住むことで目の当たりにすることとなった。

結婚生活を維持させることがこれほどまでに大変であるというのに、充実したものにするには果たして何ができるのだろうか。自分も周りと同じように約束を果たせずに終わってしまうのではないか、と不安に思っている既婚者は少なくはないと思う。
結婚したばかりの自分にとっても、これから待ち受けている大きな壁に、どのように対応していけばよいのか、これからどんな心がけが結婚生活を幸せなものにしていくのか。

読んでしまえば一見シンプルな内容だが、これを行動に移すのは想像以上に難しい事なのかもしれない。

ちょっとした事の心がけが幸せな明日を創ると期待し、今から実践していきたい内容である。
自分の周りにいる大切な人たちが、少しでも幸せな結婚生活を過ごせますように☆

Dale Carnegieの言葉を贈ります

 口やかましく言わない : うるさい妻には夫は寄り付かなくなる
 ❷ 長所を褒める : 賞賛と愛情
 あら探しをしない : 相手の良い部分を伸ばし、欠点は互いが補う
 褒める : 褒めるが2回も出てきている…ということは間違いない☆
 ささやかな心づくしを怠らない : なんでもないときの
 礼儀を守る : 身内同士で忘れがちなもの。本当はとても大切。
 正しい性の知識を持つ : 離婚の原因は80%90%が性的不満である。

これだけを見ると「なぁんだ、こんなことか」という内容のもの。
でも、振り返ってみてください、普段の生活を。
あなたはこの中のいくつできていますか(心がけていますか)?

夫・妻の長所を褒めたのはいつが最後ですか?
昨日だけで小言を何回吐きましたか?
「いってらっしゃい」「おかえりなさい」をドアのところまで行って見送り&出迎えが出来ていますか?
夫・妻のためにささやかな心づくしをしたのはいつが最後ですか?それはどんな内容でしたか?
妻が、「家事をやるのは当たり前」と思って、感謝の気持ちを伝え忘れていませんか?
夫が、「働いて金を稼いでくるのは当たり前」と思って、給与明細を受け取った時でさえも「いつも頑張って家族のために働いてくれてありがとう」の言葉を言い忘れていませんか?
お子さんのいる皆さん、最後に"行為"をしたのはいつですか?

以上のことを振り返ってみると、自分がどれだけ小さなことを実施できていたかどうかがわかるかもしれない。これらの内容の"軽視"と"成り行き任せ"が残念な結果を生んでいるのだという。

「性生活」に関しては日本ではタブーになっている話題ではあるが、離婚訴訟を手掛けてきた人達の話では実は非常に大きな割合を占めているとのこと。
「離婚の80~90%が性的不満である」という事実を聞いても、まだ"軽視"し続けるのでしょうか?
回数を増やしたほうがいい、ということではなく、互いが「性生活」に関して何を求めているのかを、話し合う機会を作り、互いに満足のいく部分で折り合いをつける必要があるという意味でとって頂きたい。

Mr. Dale Carnegieのメッセージが心に響いた方がいらしたら、今日から是非実践してみてください。

2012年11月27日火曜日

Capter 11 Biotechnology Drug Products

Chapter11 今日のメモ☆

バイオテクノロジーで活用する医療単語の説明と、バイオテクノロジーから生まれた薬などの紹介。

Miscellaneous Biotechnologic product
 - Alteplase
    thrombolytic agent(血栓溶解剤) known as tissue-plasminogen activator
    recanalization of occluded coronary arteris after acute myocardinal infarction(心筋梗塞) & acute massive pulmonary embolism(肺動脈塞栓)
    side effect : bleeding, reperfusion arrhythmias(不整脈), reinfarction

 - Antithrombin III (heparin cofactor)
    therapy to prevent or treat thromboembolic episodes in antithrombin III deficiency

- IL-3
    hematopoietic growth factor
    treat patients with bone marrow failure (chemotherapy-related bone marrow failure,  myelodysplastic syndrome(骨髄異形成症候群) etc)

 - Aldesleukin (hrIL-2)
    treat metastatic renal cell carcinoma(転移性腎癌)
    side effect (dose-related) : hypotension , flulike synptoms

 - Abciximab (chimeric monoclonal antibody)
    unstable angina(狭心症) after they undergo angioplasty(血管形成術)
    side effect (dose-related) : bleeding

 - Campath-1 (MAb)
    immunosuppression for organ transplant (prevent graft-versus-host disease & lymphoid malignancy(リンパ性悪性疾患)
    refractory autoimmune disorders(rheumatoid arthritis), treat vasculitis(血管炎)

 - Satumomab pendetide (MAb)
    used as a diagnostic imagin agent for colorectal(直腸)and ovarian(卵巣) carcinoma

 - Edobacomab, Nebacumab
    against gram-negative bacterial endotoxins (septic shock(敗血症))
   
 - Muromonab-CD3
    reversing acute renal allograft rejection (opsonization of T cells)
    side effect : flulike symptoms

 - Zolimomab aritox (monoclonal anti-CD5)
    treatment of steroid-resistant graft-versus-host disease after allogeneic bone marrow transpant
    treatment of rheumatoid arthritis & insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus

 - Betaseron (INF-β) ≒ INF-α
    treatment of multiple sclerosis(MS), AIDS, malignant melanoma(悪性黒色腫), herpesvirus and papillomabirus infection
    side effect : flulike symptoms, bone marrow suppression, neurotoxic effects, anorexia(拒食症), GI symptoms, hypohepatia, renal function↓


Today's question
- Biotechnologic product(バイオテクノロジー製品)の問題
Q: What drug is used to prevent embolism in the lung and during myocardial infarction
(A) Alteplase
(B) Human growth hormone
(C) Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor
(D) Epogen(EPO)
(E) Non of the above





A: (A) Alteplase
Alteplase is a thrombolytic agent formerly known as tissue-lasminogen activator.

Chapter 10 Immunology vol.5

Chapter10 今日のメモ☆

Immunology第五回目はGraft rejection(移植片拒絶)とVaccination(ワクチン接種)に関して。

HLA incompatibility
 - human leukocyte antigen (HLA) : HLA[ヒト白血球抗原]適合性, 白血球の血液型のようなもの
 - histocompatibility type : 組織適合性
    identical twins : 100% , siblings : 25%
    exact HLA match is approximately 1/10 million
    HLA-DR, HLA-B maching : renal cardiac graft
    HLA matching is NOT important : liver transplantation

 - Hyperacute rejection
     ABO mismatches.  within 2 days. untreatable.

 - Acute rejection
     T cell-macrophage-mediated attack, based on HLA and other tissue antigen mismatches
     in 10-14 days.  necrose if untreated.

 - Chronic rejection
     several months to years.
     fibrosis(線維症), occlusion of small arteries(動脈閉塞) in the kidneys
     atherosclerosis(アテローム性動脈硬化) in the heart.
     success rate after 5 years is 50% even though MHC-matched(HLA-matched)
     treatment with corticosteroids can be helpful.

Bone marrow transplantation
 immunodeficiency diseases, aplastic anemia, some leukemias, genetic diseases

- graft-versus-host (GVH) disease(移植片対宿主病)
    graft T cell recognition of the host is important
    HLA matching is important
    clinical symptoms : skin (rash), GI tract (pain, vomiting, bleeding), liver (necrosis, serum bilirubin↑)

Prophylaxis and treatment
 - immunosuppression of the graft recipient
  * Corticosteroids : just before the transplantation. 
      combination w/ azathioprine, cyclosporine, antilymphocyte globulins/ antithymocyte globulins
  * Azathioprine : before the transplantation, maintainance doses are given afterward
  * Methotrexate : primarily for bone marrow transplantation
      combination w/ antilymphocyte globulins/ antithymocyte globulins(ALGs/ATGs)

 - Specific suppression of T cells
  * Cyclosporine A : used as prophylaxis
      inhibit TH  cell secretion of IL-2, prevent complete T cell activation
      side effect : nephrotoxicity(腎毒性)
  * Tacrolimus (FK-506)
      same way as cyclosporine A, but NOT used together
  * Rapamycin
      inhibit TH cell response to IL-2, prevent complete T cell activation
      different way as two drugs above
  * ALG, ATG : use prophylactically and therapeutically
      antisera derived from animal.  against T cell antigens
  * Moromonab-CD3(OKT3) : use therapeutically
      mouse monoclonal antibody for CD3 antigen of peripheral T cells.
      opsonization of T cell for phagocytosis.
      side effect : high fever, chills, blood pressure changes, vomiting, diarrhea, respiratory distress
      contraindicate: in patients who have fluid overload because of edema
monoclonal antibodies are used to mask HLA antigens on the graft tissues

Vaccination(ワクチン接種)
Passive vaccination(不活化ワクチン)
 intramuscular, intravenous injection
 limited to several weeks to months

 - Prophylaxis of infectious disease
    * Tetanus(破傷風)immunoglobulin(TIG)
    * Hepatitis B immunoglobulin(HBIG)
 - Prophylaxis or therapy
    * varicella zoster immunoglobulin (VZIG) (水痘帯状ヘルペス), rubella(風疹) for pregnant women
 - Treatment of antibody deficiency
    * intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), intramuscular immunoglobulin (IGIM)
 - Other situation
    * IVIG : idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura(突発性血小板減少症紫斑病)
    * Intramuscular Rh immunoglobulin : prophylaxis for RH disease
    * Muromonab-CD3 : acute renal graft rejection

Active vaccination(生ワクチン,弱毒化ワクチンetc)
 intramuscular, subcutaneousm(皮下), intradermally, intranasally, oral introduction
 immunity is long lasting(some elicit lifelong immunity)
 the first vaccination for infants and children should be after 6 weeks.(some may be given immediately after birth)

 - Live, attenuated vaccines
    * [MMR] measles(はしか), mumps(おたふく), rubella(風疹) : lifelong immunity, school entry
    * oral polio(ポリオ) : school entry
 - Subunit vaccines
    * [DTP] Diphtheria(ジフテリア), tetanus(破傷風), pertussis(百日咳) : 1st dose at shool entry
    * [Td] Tetanus and diphtheria toxoids : 2nd dose in 4-8 weeks & 3rd dose 6 months later

※ Tetanus-prone wound
  for deep puncture, uncertain about vaccination or after 10 years : tetanus immunoglobuline(TIG) & Tetanus and diphteria toxoids(Td)
  for a clean & minor wound, uncertain about vaccination or after 10 years : Td is administered.
※ sometimes passive and active vaccines are used together (ex. Rabies(狂言病))

Immunomodulation(免疫修飾・修復)
 - Fab antidigoxin antibody : reversal of toxicity associated with toxic digoxin serum level.

 - monoclonal antibodies : hybridoma(cancerous plasma cell with activated mouse B cell) has immortality characteristic of the myeloma(骨髄腫)
    * muromonab-CD3 : treat acute graft rejection
    * other monoclonal antibodies : treat breast, colon cancer and leukemias

 - immunostimulation
    * IFN-α : hairy cell leukemia, kaposi sarcoma(AIDS), genital warts(生殖器いぼ)
      at low doses : IFN stimulate immune cellular function (T cells, NK cells, macrophages)
      at high doses : immunosuppressive
    * IFN-γ : macrophage-activating factor in chronic granulomatous disease(慢性肉芽腫性疾患)
      combined use of IFN-α & IFN-γ has better results
    * IL-2 : melanoma(黒色腫)
    * levamisole (Sulfur-containing compounds) : colon cancer with fluorouracil
 
Today's question
- Vacctination(ワクチン接種)の問題
Q: Which is a valid comparison of live, attenuated and killed , inactivated active vaccine.
(A) Replication of the organisms in a live attenuated vaccine increases the stimulation of the immune system and a lower dose is often required.
(B) Attenuated vaccines often require multiple doses.
(C) A killed, inactivated vaccine probably produces lifelong immunity in one or two doses.






A: (A)
Live, attenuated vaccines introduce organisms that are competent to replicate.  This replication stimulates the immune response.  For this and probably other easons, a live, attenuated vaccine (but not a killed, inactivated vaccine) probably provides lifelong immunity in one or two doses. 

2012年11月24日土曜日

Chapter 10 Immunology vol.4

Chapter10 今日のメモ☆

Immunology第四回目はImmunodeficiency(免疫不全)に関して。

Immunodeficiency(免疫不全)はprimary [hereditary(遺伝的)or congenital(先天的)]かsecondary [acquired(後天的)]に大別される。

Primary Immunodeficiencies
 - X-linked agammaglobulinemia(X連鎖無ガンマグロブリン血症)
    B cells do not fully mature (serum immunoglobulin levels are low)
    Therapy : human intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG)

 - Selective IgA dificiency
    low secretory IgA concentration

 - DiGeorge syndrome
    a decrease in total T cell numbers
    Therapy : bone marrow transplantation (in severe case), thymus grafts(胸腺移植)

 - Nezelof syndrome
    lymphopenia(リンパ球減少), thymic abnormalities

 - Severe combined immunodeficiency disorders (SCIDs)
    deficiencies in T cells & B cells & serum immunoglobulin

and some others...

Secondary immunodeficiencies
 - Cytotoxic drugs
    suppress the production of blood cells in bone marrow (chemotherapy and loss of neutrophils)

 - Leukemias(白血病), lymphomas(リンパ腫), myelomas(骨髄腫)
    destruction of the architecture of lymphoid organs(リンパ組織)

 - AIDS (HIV-1, HIV-2)
  Pathogenesis
    retrovirus(レトロウイルス): entry and uncoating release the viral RNA genome and the associated reverse transcriptase enzyme(逆転写酵素), which synthesizes a double-stranded DNA copy of the genome.
     * initial infection (初期感染): first 3 weeks
     * seroconversion(セロコンバージョン:抗体陽性) 3 weeks to 6 months after, asymptomatic infection(無症候感染)
     * reactivated from latency(潜伏期間) : depletion of TH cells, macrophages produce new virus, APCs are affected and loss of follicular dendritic cells(濾胞樹状細胞)

  Clinical Symptoms
     * persistent generalized lymphadenophathy(リンパ節症)
     * progression of full-blown AIDS may occur 8 years or longer
     * oral candidasis
     * HIV- associated dementia complex
     * opportunistic infections(日和見感染) or plasms(腫瘍;kaposi sarcoma(カポジ肉腫)等)
※ opportunistic infections are the primary cause of death. : P.carinii, Candida, Mycobacterium, herpes, cytomegalovirus etc

  Therapy
     * antiretroviral drugs
        - nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor
        - nonnucleoside recers-transcriptase inhibitors
        - integrase inhibitors.
     * IFN-α for kaposi sarcoma
     * active vaccine to limit the spread of HIV infection



タイトル
Today's question
- AIDS(エイズ)の問題
Q: Which statement about HIV infection is not correct?
(A) Individuals who become infected with HIV-1 always show overt symptoms shortly after infection.
(B) Seroconversion to positive status for anti-HIV-1 antibodies is the primary criterion for diagnosis f a viral carrier.
(C) The incubation period for the pathogenesis of AIDS is believed to be 8 years or longer after the initial infection with HIV.
(D) CD4+ T cells and macrophages may be able to spread HIV to uninfected C+ cells without releasing any extracellular virus particles






A: (A)
It is not known what percentage of individuals shows overt(明白な) symptoms after initial infection.  Those who do, however, generally show mononucleosis-like symptoms for approximately weeks.  Some individuals display no overt symptoms.

Chapter 10 Immunology vol.3

Chapter10 今日のメモ☆

Immunology第三回目はAutoimmunity(自己免疫)に関して。

Womenのほうが罹患率が高い
e.g.)myasthenia gravis(重症筋無力症)2倍、 SLE 10倍 ただし、
Sjögren's disease(シェーグレン症候群), Goodpasture syndromeは男性の方が罹患率が高い

Type II hypersensitivity : Antibody-mediated & Complement-mediated cytotoxicity
Type IV hypersensitivity : Cell-mediated cytotoxicity

Organ-specific autoimmunities
 - Rheumatic fever(リウマチ熱)

 - Antithyroid autoimmunities(抗甲状腺自己免疫疾患)
  * Primary autoimmune myxedema(粘膜水腫)
     Antibodies against the thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) receptor act as antagonist(拮抗剤)。
     The result is thyroid atrophy(甲状腺萎縮) with hypothyroidism(甲状腺機能低下症)
  *Hashimoto's thyroiditis(橋本病)
    Antibodies against thyroid peroxidase
  *Grave's disease(バセドウ病)
    Antibodies act as agonists(作動薬) of TSH to stimulate hypersecretion of thyroid hormon
    The result is hyperthyroidism(甲状腺機能亢進症)

 - Myasthenia gravis(重症筋無力症)
  Antibodies against the nicotinic acethylcholine receptor on skeletal muscle(骨格筋)
  This activity causes weakness and fatigue in skeletal muscles
  Caused by drugs (penicillamine, aminoglycosides, procainamide etc)
  Therapy : anticholinesterase therapy (neostigmine), corticosteroid in severe cases, plasmapheresis

 - Autoimmune pernicious amenia(自己免疫悪性貧血)
  Antibodies against intrinsic factor(for VB12) decrease absorption of VB12
  Therapy : intramuscular injection of cyanocobalamin or oral administration of intrinsic factor

 - Goodpasture's syndrome
  Antibodies against glomerular capillary basement membrane (GBM)(糸球体基底膜)
  The result is glomerulonephritis(糸球体腎炎)
  Therapy: immunosuppressive (corticosteroids, plasmapheresis)

 - Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (red blood cell)(自己免疫溶血性貧血)
 - thrombocytopenia (plate)(血小板減少症)
 - neutropenia (neutrophil)(好中球減少症)
 - lymphopenia (lymphocyte)(リンパ球減少症)
  Antibodies against each blood cells
  Therapy(when it's chronic): corticosteroids, additionaly cyclophosphamide, chlorambucilm, immune globulin(IVIG)

 - Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus(IDDM)
  Therapy : cyclosporine(ネオーラル)

 - Multiple sclerosis (MS)(多発性硬化症)
  T cells & macrophages attack the basis protein of myelin in central nervous system(CNS)
  One of CNS demyelination disease(中枢性脱髄疾患)
  Therapy : spasticity(痙攣)- baclofen, peripheral skeletal muscle relaxant (dantrolene)
            Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)(副腎皮質ホルモン) >> corticosteroids
            IFN-β-1b (betaseron), IFN-β-a, glatiramer acetate

Non-organ-specific autoimmunities
 - Sjögren's disease(シェーグレン症候群)
  inhibition of exocrine gland secretion(外分泌腺分泌阻害)
  Symptom : dryness of the eyes, mouth, gastrointestinal, respiratory, vaginal mucous membranes
   pain and edema in the salivary glands(唾液腺)
  Therapy : artificial tears, drinking water, similar to that for SLE (systemic corticosteroids)

 - SLE (Systemic Lupus Erythematosus)
  type III hypersensitivity (hypereactivity of B cells)
  Drugs-induced SLE [procainamide(抗不整脈薬), hydralazine(高血圧), quinidine, methyldopa,
   isoniazid, phenytoin, chlorpromazine]
  *Symptoms
     Mild arthritis, feber, rash and fatigue
     Progressive necrotizing vasculitis(壊死性血管炎), glomerulonephritis
     Hypertension
     Hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia
  *Criteria
     = high concentration of antinuclear antibodies directed against double-stranded DNA
     = Smith (Sm) nuclear antigen
     a discoid erythematous facial rash(円盤状の紅斑), photosensitivity, oral ulcers, arthritis, persistent proteinuria, anticardiolipin, antierythrocyte, antileukocyte antibodies
  Therapy : nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs(NSAIDs) for mild disease, cyclophosphamide, plasmapheresis. 


Today's question
- Autoimmune disorder(自己免疫疾患)の問題
Q: In which autoimmune disorder is the mechanism of pathogenesis classified as type II hypersensitivity?
(A) Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
(B) Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM)
(C) Grave's disease
(D) Hashimoto's thyroditis







A: (C) Grave's disease
In Grave's disease, an antibody acting as a TSH agonist hyperstimulates the thyroid.
In SLE(TypeIII), persistent circulating immune complexes are responsible for much of the pathogenesis
In IDDM(type IV), T cell cytotoxicity to beta islet cells is probably responsible for the major pathogenesis
In Hashimoto's thyroiditis(type IV), antibodies to thyroid peroxidase may initiate inflammation but TH1 cells and macrophages infiltrate the organ 

2012年11月1日木曜日

Chapter 10 Immunology vol.2

Chapter10 今日のメモ☆

Immunologyの二回目は4種類のHypersensitivity Reaction(過敏性反応;アレルギー)について。

Type I [IgE-mediated] hypersensitivity reaction
 (Anaphylaxy type immediate hypersensitivity)
 - reaction factor
    *IgE
    *histamine, serotonine, PG, LT = [early-phase reaction, 1~2 mins, peak 1~2 hrs]
    *eosinophils(好酸球) = [late-phase reaction(遅発反応), 6~12 hrs]
    *inheritable(遺伝的素因)
    *Complement関与()

 - Common allergens
    *Respiratory allergens (pollen(花粉), plants, fungi, animal fur etc)
    *Gastrointestinal allergens (shelfish, nuts, peanuts, egg, milk etc)
    *Skin and mouth allergen (topically applied drug such as procaine(局所麻酔薬) etc )
    *Intravenous allergen
      (insect venoms(昆虫毒), drugs such as penicillin, cephalosporins, caccines etc)

 - Local symptoms of pathogenesis
    *urticaria(蕁麻疹), pruritus(掻痒), nasal congestion, bronchoconstriction(気管支収縮),
      mucus and lachrymal hypersecretion, laryngeal edema(喉頭水腫), vomiting and diarrhea
    *atopic dermatitis(アトピー性皮膚炎)
    *anaphylaxis

 - Diagnosis
    *scratch tests
    *Radioallergosorbent (RAST) & radioimmunosorbent (RIST) assays

 - Prophylazis
    *Hyposensitization (desensitization) (減感作療法): アレルゲンを少量ずつ繰り返し与える(筋注)ことにより、アレルゲンに特異的なIgA,IgGの産生を促進させ、アレルギンとIgEとの結合を阻止する

 - Therapy
    *Competitive H1-antagonists of histamin for early-phase reaction
    *Glucocorticoids & Antileukotriene therapies for late-phase reaction
    *Epinephrine for anaphylaxis (α-agonist & β-agonist effect)
    *Clomolyn sodium(クロモグリク酸Na) (inhibitor of mast cell)
    *Topical steroids
    *Anti-IgE therapy, monoclonal antibody to the Fc region

Type II hypersensitivity reactions
  - reaction factor & pathogenesis
    *IgG, IgM
    *NK cells
    *Macrophage, eosinophils
    *Complement関与(+)

    *Cytotoxicity, Opsonization

 - Common allergens
    *º Foreign blood surface antigens
    *¹ transplanted tissue
    *² drug allergens such as penicillins, cephalosporins, quinidine
    *³ self-antigens : autoimmune diseases
         
 - Local symptoms of pathogenesis
    *º transfusion mismatches(輸血不適合),
       Rh disease during pregnancy(Rh血液型不適合による新生児の溶血性黄疸)
    *¹ hyperacute graft rejection(急性移植拒絶反応)
    *² hemolytic anemia(溶血性貧血), thrombocytopenia(血小板減少症) 
    *³ myathenia gravis(重症筋無力症)
       hemolytic amenia(自己免疫性溶血性貧血) by α-methyldopa

 - Prophylazis & Therapy
     *withdrawing the drug

Type III hypersensitivity reactions
 - reaction factor & pathogenesis
    *immune complexes(免疫複合体) activate complement, induce positive chemotaxis(走行性)
    *high concentration of antigen or antibody (e.g., after long-term & hy-dose therapy)
    *chronic formation of immune complexes
    *IgG, IgM, neutrophils
    *Complement関与(+)

 - Common allergens
    *¹Self-antigens in most non-organ-specific : autoimmune disorders
      e.g) lupus erythematosus(SLE; エリテマトーデス), rheumatoid arthritis(関節リウマチ)
    *chronic infection by bacteria, protozoan or virus
    *² Fungal and bacterial spores(胞子)
    *Drugs such as penicillin, sulfonamides, thiouracil
    *Antisera(抗血清) from another species (e.g. horse)

 - Local symptoms of pathogenesis
    *Lmphadenopathy(リンパ節症), splenomegaly(脾腫), fever, rash (by drug-induced)
    *¹ Casculitis(血管炎), glomerulonephritis(糸球体腎炎), necrotizing(壊死),
       arthralgia(関節症), arthritis(関節炎), joint pain
    *² pneumonitis(肺炎)

 - Prophylazis & Therapy
    *withdrawing the drug
    *antihistamines
    *corticosteroids

Type IV hypersensitivity (Delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity(遅延性過敏症))
 - reaction factor & pathogenesis
    *antigen-specific TH cells
    *Macrophages secrete cytokines
    *Complement関与(), Antibody関与()

 - Common allergens
    *Infectious agents : Tuberculin reaction
    *antigen that induce a tuberculin reaction(ツベルクリン反応)
    *¹ Hapten allergens such as pentadecacatechols from poison ivy(漆), poson oak,  antibiotic ointment :

 - Local symptoms of pathogenesis
    *¹ contact dermatitis(接触性皮膚炎)
    * Hashimoto thryoiditis
    * graft-versus-host reaction[GVHR](移植片対宿主反応)

 - Prophylazis & Therapy
    *Topical corticosteroids
    *Oral corticosteroids : in severe cases


タイトル
Today's question
- type IV hypersensitivity reaction(遅延性過敏症)の問題
Q: In Which type IV hypersensitivity reaction is the tissue-damaging disorder considered an inappropriate response by the immune system?
(A) Poison ivy dermatitis
(B) Chronic tuberculosis
(C) Acute graft rejection
(D) Tuberculin test




A: (A) Poison ivy dermatitis
Poison ivy contains a hapten, pentadecyl catecholm which is not known to be toxic.  Therefore, its capacity to elicit an immute response is inappropriate because it serves no useful function.  In chronic tuberculosis, the immune response is attemptint, although unsuccessfully, to eliminate the mycobacterial pathogen.  Acute graft rejection is also appropriate, but unfortunate, because it is a response against foreign tissue.  A tuberculin test is an appropriate mainfestation of the existence of active immunity or memory to Mycobacterium.